diff --git a/include/wlr/types/wlr_keyboard.h b/include/wlr/types/wlr_keyboard.h
index d32d6e96..b37797c8 100644
--- a/include/wlr/types/wlr_keyboard.h
+++ b/include/wlr/types/wlr_keyboard.h
@@ -32,6 +32,13 @@ enum wlr_keyboard_modifier {
 
 struct wlr_keyboard_impl;
 
+struct wlr_keyboard_modifiers {
+	xkb_mod_mask_t depressed;
+	xkb_mod_mask_t latched;
+	xkb_mod_mask_t locked;
+	xkb_mod_mask_t group;
+};
+
 struct wlr_keyboard {
 	struct wlr_keyboard_impl *impl;
 	// TODO: Should this store key repeat info too?
@@ -45,12 +52,7 @@ struct wlr_keyboard {
 
 	uint32_t keycodes[WLR_KEYBOARD_KEYS_CAP];
 	size_t num_keycodes;
-	struct {
-		xkb_mod_mask_t depressed;
-		xkb_mod_mask_t latched;
-		xkb_mod_mask_t locked;
-		xkb_mod_mask_t group;
-	} modifiers;
+	struct wlr_keyboard_modifiers *modifiers;
 
 	struct {
 		int32_t rate;
diff --git a/include/wlr/types/wlr_seat.h b/include/wlr/types/wlr_seat.h
index 432e5dc3..f5b4afde 100644
--- a/include/wlr/types/wlr_seat.h
+++ b/include/wlr/types/wlr_seat.h
@@ -71,7 +71,8 @@ struct wlr_keyboard_grab_interface {
 			struct wlr_surface *surface);
 	void (*key)(struct wlr_seat_keyboard_grab *grab, uint32_t time,
 			uint32_t key, uint32_t state);
-	void (*modifiers)(struct wlr_seat_keyboard_grab *grab);
+	void (*modifiers)(struct wlr_seat_keyboard_grab *grab,
+			struct wlr_keyboard_modifiers *modifiers);
 	void (*cancel)(struct wlr_seat_keyboard_grab *grab);
 };
 
@@ -344,6 +345,11 @@ bool wlr_seat_pointer_has_grab(struct wlr_seat *seat);
  */
 void wlr_seat_set_keyboard(struct wlr_seat *seat, struct wlr_input_device *dev);
 
+/**
+ * Get the active keyboard for the seat.
+ */
+struct wlr_keyboard *wlr_seat_get_keyboard(struct wlr_seat *seat);
+
 /**
  * Start a grab of the keyboard of this seat. The grabber is responsible for
  * handling all keyboard events until the grab ends.
@@ -375,13 +381,15 @@ void wlr_seat_keyboard_notify_key(struct wlr_seat *seat, uint32_t time,
  * Send the modifier state to focused keyboard resources. Compositors should use
  * `wlr_seat_keyboard_notify_modifiers()` to respect any keyboard grabs.
  */
-void wlr_seat_keyboard_send_modifiers(struct wlr_seat *seat);
+void wlr_seat_keyboard_send_modifiers(struct wlr_seat *seat,
+		struct wlr_keyboard_modifiers *modifiers);
 
 /**
  * Notify the seat that the modifiers for the keyboard have changed. Defers to
  * any keyboard grabs.
  */
-void wlr_seat_keyboard_notify_modifiers(struct wlr_seat *seat);
+void wlr_seat_keyboard_notify_modifiers(struct wlr_seat *seat,
+		struct wlr_keyboard_modifiers *modifiers);
 
 /**
  * Notify the seat that the keyboard focus has changed and request it to be the
diff --git a/rootston/keyboard.c b/rootston/keyboard.c
index 7b281308..29409dd7 100644
--- a/rootston/keyboard.c
+++ b/rootston/keyboard.c
@@ -279,7 +279,8 @@ void roots_keyboard_handle_key(struct roots_keyboard *keyboard,
 void roots_keyboard_handle_modifiers(struct roots_keyboard *r_keyboard) {
 	struct wlr_seat *seat = r_keyboard->seat->seat;
 	wlr_seat_set_keyboard(seat, r_keyboard->device);
-	wlr_seat_keyboard_notify_modifiers(seat);
+	wlr_seat_keyboard_notify_modifiers(seat,
+		r_keyboard->device->keyboard->modifiers);
 }
 
 static void keyboard_config_merge(struct roots_keyboard_config *config,
diff --git a/types/wlr_keyboard.c b/types/wlr_keyboard.c
index 6caf27f5..53ea3a59 100644
--- a/types/wlr_keyboard.c
+++ b/types/wlr_keyboard.c
@@ -30,17 +30,17 @@ static void keyboard_modifier_update(struct wlr_keyboard *keyboard) {
 		XKB_STATE_MODS_LOCKED);
 	xkb_mod_mask_t group = xkb_state_serialize_layout(keyboard->xkb_state,
 		XKB_STATE_LAYOUT_EFFECTIVE);
-	if (depressed == keyboard->modifiers.depressed &&
-			latched == keyboard->modifiers.latched &&
-			locked == keyboard->modifiers.locked &&
-			group == keyboard->modifiers.group) {
+	if (depressed == keyboard->modifiers->depressed &&
+			latched == keyboard->modifiers->latched &&
+			locked == keyboard->modifiers->locked &&
+			group == keyboard->modifiers->group) {
 		return;
 	}
 
-	keyboard->modifiers.depressed = depressed;
-	keyboard->modifiers.latched = latched;
-	keyboard->modifiers.locked = locked;
-	keyboard->modifiers.group = group;
+	keyboard->modifiers->depressed = depressed;
+	keyboard->modifiers->latched = latched;
+	keyboard->modifiers->locked = locked;
+	keyboard->modifiers->group = group;
 
 	wl_signal_emit(&keyboard->events.modifiers, keyboard);
 }
@@ -117,6 +117,7 @@ void wlr_keyboard_notify_key(struct wlr_keyboard *keyboard,
 void wlr_keyboard_init(struct wlr_keyboard *kb,
 		struct wlr_keyboard_impl *impl) {
 	kb->impl = impl;
+	kb->modifiers = calloc(1, sizeof(struct wlr_keyboard_modifiers));
 	wl_signal_init(&kb->events.key);
 	wl_signal_init(&kb->events.modifiers);
 	wl_signal_init(&kb->events.keymap);
@@ -139,6 +140,7 @@ void wlr_keyboard_destroy(struct wlr_keyboard *kb) {
 	xkb_state_unref(kb->xkb_state);
 	xkb_keymap_unref(kb->keymap);
 	close(kb->keymap_fd);
+	free(kb->modifiers);
 	free(kb);
 }
 
@@ -222,7 +224,7 @@ void wlr_keyboard_set_repeat_info(struct wlr_keyboard *kb, int32_t rate,
 }
 
 uint32_t wlr_keyboard_get_modifiers(struct wlr_keyboard *kb) {
-	xkb_mod_mask_t mask = kb->modifiers.depressed | kb->modifiers.latched;
+	xkb_mod_mask_t mask = kb->modifiers->depressed | kb->modifiers->latched;
 	uint32_t modifiers = 0;
 	for (size_t i = 0; i < WLR_MODIFIER_COUNT; ++i) {
 		if (kb->mod_indexes[i] != XKB_MOD_INVALID &&
diff --git a/types/wlr_seat.c b/types/wlr_seat.c
index 79638822..8c5519b6 100644
--- a/types/wlr_seat.c
+++ b/types/wlr_seat.c
@@ -291,8 +291,9 @@ static void default_keyboard_key(struct wlr_seat_keyboard_grab *grab,
 	wlr_seat_keyboard_send_key(grab->seat, time, key, state);
 }
 
-static void default_keyboard_modifiers(struct wlr_seat_keyboard_grab *grab) {
-	wlr_seat_keyboard_send_modifiers(grab->seat);
+static void default_keyboard_modifiers(struct wlr_seat_keyboard_grab *grab,
+		struct wlr_keyboard_modifiers *modifiers) {
+	wlr_seat_keyboard_send_modifiers(grab->seat, modifiers);
 }
 
 static void default_keyboard_cancel(struct wlr_seat_keyboard_grab *grab) {
@@ -796,6 +797,10 @@ void wlr_seat_set_keyboard(struct wlr_seat *seat,
 	seat->keyboard_state.keyboard = keyboard;
 }
 
+struct wlr_keyboard *wlr_seat_get_keyboard(struct wlr_seat *seat) {
+	return seat->keyboard_state.keyboard;
+}
+
 void wlr_seat_keyboard_start_grab(struct wlr_seat *wlr_seat,
 		struct wlr_seat_keyboard_grab *grab) {
 	grab->seat = wlr_seat;
@@ -834,23 +839,19 @@ static void keyboard_resource_destroy_notify(struct wl_listener *listener,
 	wlr_seat_keyboard_clear_focus(state->seat);
 }
 
-void wlr_seat_keyboard_send_modifiers(struct wlr_seat *seat) {
+void wlr_seat_keyboard_send_modifiers(struct wlr_seat *seat,
+		struct wlr_keyboard_modifiers *modifiers) {
 	struct wlr_seat_client *client = seat->keyboard_state.focused_client;
 	if (client == NULL) {
 		return;
 	}
 
-	struct wlr_keyboard *keyboard = seat->keyboard_state.keyboard;
-	if (keyboard == NULL) {
-		return;
-	}
-
 	uint32_t serial = wl_display_next_serial(seat->display);
 	struct wl_resource *resource;
 	wl_resource_for_each(resource, &client->keyboards) {
 		wl_keyboard_send_modifiers(resource, serial,
-			keyboard->modifiers.depressed, keyboard->modifiers.latched,
-			keyboard->modifiers.locked, keyboard->modifiers.group);
+			modifiers->depressed, modifiers->latched,
+			modifiers->locked, modifiers->group);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -930,7 +931,8 @@ void wlr_seat_keyboard_enter(struct wlr_seat *seat,
 	if (client != NULL && seat->keyboard_state.keyboard != NULL) {
 		// tell new client about any modifier change last,
 		// as it targets seat->keyboard_state.focused_client
-		wlr_seat_keyboard_send_modifiers(seat);
+		wlr_seat_keyboard_send_modifiers(seat,
+			seat->keyboard_state.keyboard->modifiers);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -950,10 +952,11 @@ bool wlr_seat_keyboard_has_grab(struct wlr_seat *seat) {
 	return seat->keyboard_state.grab->interface != &default_keyboard_grab_impl;
 }
 
-void wlr_seat_keyboard_notify_modifiers(struct wlr_seat *seat) {
+void wlr_seat_keyboard_notify_modifiers(struct wlr_seat *seat,
+		struct wlr_keyboard_modifiers *modifiers) {
 	clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &seat->last_event);
 	struct wlr_seat_keyboard_grab *grab = seat->keyboard_state.grab;
-	grab->interface->modifiers(grab);
+	grab->interface->modifiers(grab, modifiers);
 }
 
 void wlr_seat_keyboard_notify_key(struct wlr_seat *seat, uint32_t time,
diff --git a/types/wlr_xdg_shell_v6.c b/types/wlr_xdg_shell_v6.c
index 1c46197e..fd09b467 100644
--- a/types/wlr_xdg_shell_v6.c
+++ b/types/wlr_xdg_shell_v6.c
@@ -112,8 +112,9 @@ static void xdg_keyboard_grab_key(struct wlr_seat_keyboard_grab *grab, uint32_t
 	wlr_seat_keyboard_send_key(grab->seat, time, key, state);
 }
 
-static void xdg_keyboard_grab_modifiers(struct wlr_seat_keyboard_grab *grab) {
-	wlr_seat_keyboard_send_modifiers(grab->seat);
+static void xdg_keyboard_grab_modifiers(struct wlr_seat_keyboard_grab *grab,
+		struct wlr_keyboard_modifiers *modifiers) {
+	wlr_seat_keyboard_send_modifiers(grab->seat, modifiers);
 }
 
 static void xdg_keyboard_grab_cancel(struct wlr_seat_keyboard_grab *grab) {